Optimum Spare Parts Inventory Control With Installed Base Information In Existence of Secondary Markets
(Funded by Tübitak)
In spare parts supply chain, demand heavily depends on the size of the installed base as spare parts are one of the main ingredients of maintenance activities. Therefore, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) try to track the number of capital products in use and their usage rates. This information is utilized in several studies by different researchers for spare parts inventory control (Pinçe and Dekker, 2011; Dekker et al., 2013). It is shown that considering the number of capital products for spare parts inventory control helps reducing holding and purchasing costs of spare parts inventory.
With the advancement of internet, electronic market places are being widely used by many companies for busines-to-business (B2B) exchanges of products and services. In spare parts supply chains, increasing amount of maintenance companies use those internet platforms as they are usually cheaper and faster than the regular supplier of spare parts. Since traders on these electronic market places only sell their existing inventory, which they buy from another parties, most of the time these second hand parts are cheaper and also they are delivered fast (no production time is requiered). Such marketplaces are referred to as secondary (or gray) markets in the literature. For a company, who provides maintenance service to capital products, secondary markets not only are sources of spare parts, but also they are used to sell excess inventory to reduce holding cost and increase liquidity. In a different business context recent studies show that the existence of secondary markets allows retailers to buy in large quantities from their suppliers and to enjoy quantity discounts while selling the excess inventory if necessary. Hence, in many sectors retailers greatly benefit from trading with secondary markets. However, this phenomenon has never been addressed for spare parts supply chains which are different due to erratic and intermittent nature of demand and installed base dependency. Furthermore, the optimal purchasing policy in existence of secondary markets is also unknown for spare parts supply chains.
From inventory sourcing point of view, buying from secondary markets is advantageous for maintenance companies as they are cheaper and faster compared to the original supplier. On the other hand, the amount of spare parts is limited on secondary
markets and this amount varies over time due to the fact that other companies and even customers have access to traders and brokers on secondary markets. Hence, secondary markets are not long-term reliable supply sources for maintenance companies and it is necessary to consider them and regular supplier at the same time. This problem has a different setup than the previous dual sourcing studies in the literature (e.g. Veeraraghavan and Scheller-Wolf, 2008). In the classical dual sourcing setup, the main trade-off is between lead time and price. Specifically, one of the two suppliers is located close but it costs high whereas the second supplier is far, i.e. longer lead time, but its cost is lower. This classic problem setting is not useful in our problem since the supply source with shorter lead time is also chaper (secondary markets). The closest study to such a problem setting is given by Hekimoğlu (2015) who only considers a stationary demand distribution.
In this project, it is aimed to address the study the optimal purchasing policy in existence of secondary markets and a regular supplier. Secondary markets will be considered as a cheap and fast supplier with random capacity whereas the regular supplier has no capacity but it is more expensive and it delivers with a longer lead time. In a multi-period setting, it is aimed to obtain an analytic characterization of the inventory control policy. Later, we will develop an algorithm that can optimize parameters of the control policy in a polynomial time. In the demand side, we consider installed base dependency of spare parts. Therefore, the demand distribution will be assumed to be nonstationary as the size of installed base changes in different phases of the life cycle of a capital product. For instance in the introduction phase, new capital products are sold by the OEM and the size of the installed base gets larger. Conversely in the final phase, called out-of-product or end-of-life, the installed base shrinks which causes decreasing spare parts demand. The output of this project will shed light on the problem of spare parts inventory control in existence of secondary markets with varying size of installed base.
From the methodological point of view, demand-side dynamics will be considered in two different scenarios. First, (stochastically) growing installed base will be considered. Under specific assumptions, analytic formulations for the first three moments of the nonstationary total spare parts demand will be developed. In the second scenario, declining size of capital products will be evaluated. Using a probabilistic analysis, moments of stochastically decreasing demand rate will be analyzed.
To apply this nonstationary demand to a multi-period, periodic-review inventory control model, an approach based on the moments of nonstationary demand will be developed. Later, multi-period cost function will be analyzed for acquisition, holding and backlog costs using a recursive dynamic programming formulation. This model will be subject to mathematical analysis in order to understand its characteristics and the optimum policy. Once the optimum policy is established, the second milestone is developing an algorithm that gives the optimal policy parameter (possible for a given service level constraint). Hence the output of the project will be a comprehensive solution to the problem of dual sourcing from secondary markets and a regular supplier when the demand is dependent on the size of the installed base.
Orginality of the proposed work mainly comes from the novelty of using installed base information in dual sourcing setting which is strictly different than the classical problem setting as explained above. In addition, we will explore the dependency between the number of items on secondary markets and the size of installed base. Specifically, the number of spare parts on secondary markets change in different phases of the life cycle of a capital product. In the introduction phase, there is no spare parts on the secondary market as majority of spare parts stems from sales of excess inventory by different maintenance companies. On the other hand, there is a vast amount of spare parts on secondary markets in the final phase of capital products’ life cycles. This negative correlation between the demand rate and the spare parts availability on secondary markets is exacerbated by cannibalization of old capital products and this feature constitutes another novel part of this project.
To sum up, in this project we aim to develop a solution to the problem of sourcing from secondary markets and a regular supplier by considering installed base information for the demand model. This study will fill a research gap in the literature as this problem has never been addressed before.
Expected project outputs can be listed as follows:
- A demand model for spare parts of stochastically growing or declining installed bases,
- A mathematical model for a dual sourcing problem including secondary market dynamics and nonstationary demand,
- The optimal policy (and an algorithm for its parameter optimization) for minimization of holding, backlog and acquisition costs of spare parts for the multi-period problem,
- A new heuristic for the solution, if necessary. Also analytic characterization of all heuristics’ performances that can be aplied to the problem.